|
bibliography:
Naumenko,
U., V. Matsui, O. Aleksandrov, O. Naumenko. 2021. Hypergene
alterations of succinite and its vulnerability under various environmental
conditions. GEO&BIO, 21: 115-124. [In English, with
Ukrainian summary]
title:
Hypergene
alterations of succinite and its vulnerability under various environmental
conditions
doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/gb2111
authors (with orcid and affiliation):
U. Naumenko https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9420-4044
V. Matsui https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1971-4228
O. Aleksandrov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5173-7537
O. Naumenko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0050-2820
Institute
of Geological Sciences, NAS of Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine)
pdf:
pdf
Abstract
The
article describes the alteration of succinite under conditions of hypergenesis
as a result of oxidation, including a change in colour, contraction of the
outer surface and the appearance of microcracks, changes in the construction of
the outer framework of macromolecules and chemical composition and conditions
of complete destruction. The main factors influencing the resistance of
succinite under hypergene conditions are described— the influence of acid
potential, air, light, fluctuations in temperature and humidity, geological
affiliation to certain sediments. The problem of changing the quality of
succinite is determined. It is shown that its destruction is associated with
disturbed bedding conditions, changes in groundwater regime, as well as sea
surf activity in the littoral (coastal) zone. Succinite that was found in stratigraphic sections not uncovered by
erosion in the primary bedding, mostly retains its composition, properties, and
structure formed in the past stages of plant resin fossilization. Placers of
succinite that were formed as a result of erosion and re-deposition of primary
Eocene–Oligocene placers are different due to the dimensions of succinite
grains, their degree of grain rounding and overall presence of more resistant
to weathering ones. The process of amber destruction is quite lengthy. Succinite,
like other minerals more resistant to weathering, undergoes various stages of
change in nature. An illustrative
example of succinite destruction is succinite found during archaeological
excavations. It was found that succinite is practically not preserved in
deposits of loess and red carbonate formations. Due to its organic origin,
amber ranks last in the group of placer-forming minerals and is characterized
by the lowest constant hypergene resistance, which is determined by its low
density (1.07) and minimum hardness (2.3). The conclusions and recommendations
given in the article on the transformation and preservation of succinite that
are brought to the surface are based on the analysis of extensive scientific
literature, as well as many years of research on this gem in the Polissia and
Dnieper region. Recommendations are given for long-term preservation of
succinite under surface conditions, as well as museum samples, amber products
in everyday life and during transportation.
Key words: plant resins,
fossil resins, succinite, fossilization, hypergene alterations, oxidation,
hypergene resistance, aeration zone, archaeological succinite.
Correspondence to
Uliana Naumenko; Institute of Geological Sciences of
NAS of Ukraine, 55b Oles Honchar Street, Kyiv, 01054 Ukraine; Email:
uznaum@gmail.com
References
Berezanska, S. S., V. О. Shumova. 2002. amber jewelry from the hordiivka
cemetery NaUKMA Research Papers,
Special Issue, 20: 151–154. [In Ukrainian]
Bogdasarov, M. A. 2010. Amber and other
fossil resins of Northern Eurasia. Publishing house of A. S. Pushkin Brest
University, Brest, 1–263. [In Russian]
Boykina, I. N., A. R.
Manukyan. 2017. Experience of conservation of amber with inclusions of fossil
organisms from the collection of the Museum of the World Ocean. Collection in the space of culture:
materials of the international scientific conference (September 18–21). Kaliningrad,
339–346. [In Russian]
Frakey, E. 1990. Amber.
Mir, Moscow, 1–198. [In Russian]
Katinas, V. I. 1971. Amber and amber-bearing deposits in the
South of the Baltic region. Minitis, Vilnius, 1–150. [In Russian]
Kosmovskaya-Ceranovich, B. 2007. Amber Research
Center in the Museum of the Land of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw. Baltic Amber: Science, Culture, Economics:
Scientific collection. Kaliningrad: Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum, 1:
54–62. [In Russian]
Lisenko, O. Yu., O. P. Belichenko, Yu. I. Lajun.
2016. Study of long-term amber
storage. Precious and decorative stones, 1: 4–6. [In Ukrainian]
Maliszewski, K., B. Marciniak-Maliszewska, J. Kupryjanowicz, A.
Pielińska. 2013. Gypsum crystals on surface of Baltic amber from beach
findings. In: Kosmowska-Ceranowicz B., W. Gierłowski, E. Sontag (eds). The International Amber Researcher Symposium. Amber.
Deposits–Collections–The market. Gdańsk, Poland, 22–23.03.2013, 8–9.
Matsui, V. M. 2002. Amber in the most ancient human
settlements on the territory of Ukraine. In: The Evolution
of the organic world as a
basis for solving the problems of stratigraphy. Kyiv, 101–104. [In Russian]
Matsui, V. M. 2011. Transformation
of plant resins into fossil resins. In: Florology
and Phytosozology, Vol. 2. Phyton, Kyiv, 290–294. [In Russian]
Matsui, V. M. 2016. Evolution of
resin producing vegetation and the formation of fossil resins deposits. Naukova
Dumka, Kyiv, 1–155. [In
Russian]
Matsui, V. M, U. Z. Naumenko. 2019. Original
source of amber-succinite placers. In: Natural History Museology, Vol. 5. Kyiv,
191–196. [In Ukrainian]
Matsui, V. M., E. A. Solyanik. 2004. Conditions
and causes of destruction of amber in nature. Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 4:
116–120. [In Russian]
Nesterovskiy, V. A., N. A. Volkonskaya. 2019.
Persistence of amber and storage properties of amber crafts. In: Proceedings of
the International Science and Practical Conference “Problems of restoration and
conservation of amber”. Kaliningrad,
100–104. [In Russian]
Nuzhniy, D. Yu. 1997. The problem of seasonal
adaptation of final-paleolithic hunters to mammoths of the Middle Dnipro Flow
Area and new Epigravetic memos in the River Trubezh basin. Archeology, 2: 3–23. [In Ukrainian]
Pastorelli, G. 2009. Archaeological Baltic Amber:
Degradation mechanisms and Conservation measures. University of Bologn, 1–72.
Pastorelli, G., Y. Shashoua, J. Richter. 2013.
Hydrolysis of Baltic amber during thermal ageing: An infrared spectroscopic
approach Spectrochimica Acta. Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 106:
124–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2012.12.072
Pidoplichko, I. G. 1978. Mezhirichi dwellings
made of mammoth bones. Naukova Dumka, Kyiv, 1–239. [In Russian]
Pielińska, A., B. Gronuś-Dutko. 2013. Amber in
collections of Polish museums. In: Kosmowska-Ceranowicz B., Gierłowski W., Sontag E.
(eds): The International Amber Researcher Symposium.
Amber. Deposits–Collections–The market. Gdańsk, Poland, 22–23.03.2013, 88–90.
Popova, V. M. 2008. Amber in the 17th-18th
centuries. In: Kaliningrad Amber Museum. Kaliningrad, 56–72. [In Russian]
Problems of restoration and conservation of amber.
2015. Materials of the international scientific and practical conference, held
in the framework of the Sixth International Biennial of Amber Works of
Authorship “Alatyr 2015”, Kaliningrad, June 25, 2015, 1–105. [In Russian]
Rudko, G. I., S. F. Litvinyuk. 2017. Amber deposits of Ukraine and their economic geological assessment. Bukrek, Kyiv, Chernivtsi, 1–239. [In Ukrainian]
Savkevich, S. S. 1970. Amber. Nedra, Leningrad, 1–191. [In
Russian]
Savkevich, S. S. 1983. Processes of
amber and some amber-like resins transformation depending on conditions of
their formation and natural environment. Proceedings
of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Series Geology, 12: 96–106. [In
Russian]
Serebrodolsky, B. I. 1984. Amber. Nauka, Moscow,
1–110. [In Russian]
Shilo, N. A. 2000. The doctrine of placers.
Publishing house of the Academy of Mining Sciences, Moscow, 1–631. [In Russian]
Shovkoplyas, I. G. 1965. Mezinska site. Kyiv, 1–327. [In Russian]
Shumova, V. O. 2011. Amber of the
Hordiivskyi burial place. In: Klochko,
V. I. (ed.). Hordiivskyi burial place.
Vinnytsia, 270–275. [In Ukrainian]
Trofimov, V. S. 1974. Amber. Nedra, Moscow, 1–184. [In
Russian]
Trofimov, V. S. 1978. Main stages
of amber transformation and principles of its classification. Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences,
Series Geology, 2: 128–138. [In
Russian]
|